Drilling and Well Completion - Carl Gatlin

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PREFACE

In this book I have attempted to present an integrated picture of drilling and well completion operations as they are normally encountered by the petroleum engineer. In order to do this without assuming prior knowledge in the field, it was necessary to introduce a number of rather general topics. The chapters on reservoir fluid properties, reservoir rock properties, exploration and leasing practices, core analysis, well logging and formation damage fall into this category/ the coverage in these sections is, of course, limited, and the emphasis in on the problem at hand rather than overall implications. It is hoped, however that these treatments will form a sound basis for later, more detailed study

Petroleum engineering curricula vary widely as to the level at which the drilling courses is taught. By including the necessary background material this text may be used in a first course. Similarly, by proper selection and deletion of chapters it can serve the needs of a more advanced course. The numerous reference cited form adequate outside reading for course at any level. It is also hoped that the many charts and example problems will make the book valuable as a reference for those practicing in these areas.

In my opinion that for the most part petroleum engineers are best utilized in drilling operations rather than as designers of equipment. Hence, this text is primarily concerned with operational procedures and not with detailed descriptions and analysis of equipment. The latter coverage is, therefore, restricted to a level necessary for formulation and understanding of the problems. I feel this much is desirable

During the writing of this book it was necessary to ask permission from numerous organizations and individuals for use of various materials. It was gratifying to me that in no case was permission denied. In fact, in most cases much more was offered than was asked for. I have attempted throughout to acknowledge credit for this aid, and I hope no one has been overlooked. Similarly, I have tried to be scrupulously honest in the numerous references cited for it is these authors who have written this book. I merely put it together. I am sure oversights must exist; however, I hope they are few and excusable

I wish to make several specific acknowledgments. First, I express my gratitude to the society of petroleum engineering of AIME and to the American Petroleum Institute, from whose transactions I borrowed heavily.

I also wish to thank the following individuals for their counsel and assistance at various stages of the writing: John A. Casner, Dick Cavnar, Gerald L. Farrar, B. E. Groenewold, Robt. E. Hensley, Frank W. Jessen, G. W. (Sandy) McGaha, Phil C. Montgomery, Edward E. Runyan, Carrol V. Sidwell, Dwight K. Smith, Gould Whaley, Jr., and the late A. W. Walker.

I am greatly indebted to the following for their corrections and criticisms of specific chapters: Robert P. Alger, Fred W. Chisholm, Arthur Lubinski, E. A. Morlan, R. H. Nolley, Robt. L. Slobod, C. Drew Stahl, and Henry B. Woods. I also express my thanks to Joseph J. Cosgrove, Donald H. Crago, Kenneth E. Gray for checking numerous derivations and problems

I shall welcome at any time correspondence concerning errors, suggestions for improvement, or criticisms of the text. Indeed, if I were to start over, I would change a great many things myself. I am informed, however, that he who demands perfection never finishes his book. No perfection exists here for I have finished

Card Gatlin

Production Operation - Thomas O. Allen and Alan P. Roberts

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PREFACE

The second edition of production operations includes revision and updating of many chapters in volume 1 and 2. In volume 2, a new chapter entitled “Paraffin and asphaltene deposition, removal and prevention” has been added. Major revisions have been made in the corrosion chapter, with extensive technical coverage of coating and plastic pipe. Appendices covering rock mechanics and oil field polymers have been added to the fracturing chapter. Because an ever-increasing number of universities and colleges in the world employ OGCI’s production operations books as basic text in production operations, the second edition includes additional clarification in major technical areas as well as required technical updating

In an overview of the oil industry, well completion, workover, and stimulation seemingly plays only a small part. The same is true even if we limit ourselves to the exploration and production phases of the industry. From our vantage, however, the focal point of exploration and production is successful well completion that obtains, and maintains, effective communication with the desired reservoir fluids. The technology required for effective well completion involves many disciplines and many different types of talents. A well completion is not merely a mechanical process of drilling a hole, setting casing, and perforating a hydrocarbon section.

The importance of total reservoir description; the role of effective communication between the reservoir and the wellbore; the hazards of flow restriction around the wellbore; the importance of knowing where fluids are and where they are moving to; and the rigors of excluding undesirable fluids all become more and more evident as we move deeper into the areas of enhanced methods of maximizing recovery of increasingly valuable hydrocarbon fluids

In preparing production operations, volume 1 and volume 2, we have tried to logically separate well completion and well operation technology into packages to permit detailing the more important facets. Effective well completion and re-completion operation require consideration of specific problems using all available technology

Volume 1 and 2 are the product of some sixteen years of conducting training programs throughout the world for industry groups, including engineers, managers, geologists, technicians, foremen, service company personnel, and others.

The question is often asked, “what is new in well completion technology”. Our answer must be that new technology per se is not the real issue in considering improvement in production operations. “the key to optimizing oil and gas recovery and profits is the effective application of proved technology”. This has been the theme of our production operations courses since our first effort in 1966, and is the theme of these two books on productions operations. A primary objective of our technical training has been to assist operating groups reduce the length of them required for “proved techniques” to become routine field practice

The business of well completion is continually changing. The learning process continues, technology improves, and just as important, the rules of the game change with the times and with the area. In many areas, effective and economic recovery of hydrocarbons from more and more marginal reservoir is the name of the game. In other areas where costs are tremendous due to complications of deep wells, offshore activities, or geographic location, high production rates, which are needed to provide sufficient return on the incomprehensible investment required, provide the winning combination

Response to the first four printings of production operations, volume 1 and 2, reflects industry acceptance of our efforts. We anticipate that the improved second edition will be even more valuable for production operating personnel than the first edition of production operations. The widespread awareness of the need to update petroleum personnel at all levels in the application of proved technology provides OGCI with the incentive to invest time and money in providing new and improve training course and books. To meet this need, OGCI is offering additional course each year and is in the process of developing a series of technical books for the petroleum industry

T. O. Allen

Alan P. Roberts

Tulsa, Oklahoma
May 1982

Handbook of Best Practices For Geothermal Drilling

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ABSTRACT

This Handbook is a description of the complex process that comprises drilling for geothermal wells. The focus of the detailed Chapters covering various aspects of the process (casing design, cementing, logging and instrumentation, etc) is on techniques and hardware that have proven successful in geothermal reservoirs around the world. The Handbook will eventually be linked to the Geothermal Implementing Agreement (GIA) website, with the hope and expectation that it can be continually updated as new methods are demonstrated or proven.

credit: www.sandia.gov

Advanced Natural Gas Engineering - Xiuli Wang and Michael Economides

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PREFACE

The role of natural gas in meeting the world energy demand has been increasing because of its abundance, versatility, and clean-burning nature. As a result, new gas exploration, field development, and production activities are underway. This is especially true in places where natural gas was (until recently) labeled as “stranded.” Because a significant portion of natural gas reserves worldwide are located across bodies of water, gas transportation becomes an issue. We are dealing with many unique issues and facing many challenges in the entire “food chain” (upstream to midstream and downstream) of natural gas engineering. 

This necessitates a bridge of the technology gaps in a number of important areas:

• The unique new technologies such as different interpretations of 3-D seismic in natural gas exploration. 
• The specific requirements in gas well drilling. 
• The need for the hydraulically fracturing of high permeability gas well to bypass the damage but most importantly to reduce turbulence due to high well deliverability. 
• Natural gas sea-going transportation such as liquefied natural gas (LNG) and compressed natural gas (CNG). 
• Gas conversion and storage. 
• Alternative and competing energy sources.

None of these new issues and challenges have not been addressed in depth in any existing books. 

Another reason why we put this book together is based on our observations of young professionals and graduate students. With the power of current computing technology, many companies are offering different software to solve engineering problems. Many young engineers and students are good at running programs and plotting beautiful graphs without knowing what the numbers and figures mean. Somehow people have lost their fundamental abilities to tackle problems without using a computer. Here, besides addressing the advanced engineering issues related to natural gas, we also provide equations along with examples and detailed calculation procedures of fundamental chemical and petroleum engineering problems. 

This book can serve as a reference book for all engineers in the energy business as well as a textbook for students in petroleum and chemical engineering curricula and in the training departments of a large group of companies. 

A book like this, due to its multidisciplinary nature, requires input from a number of friends and colleagues. The authors wish to thank Profs. Russell D. Ostermann, Michael Nikolaou, Ali Ghalambor, and James Richardson for their contributions. 

Thanks to Profs. Russell D. Ostermann, Shari Dunn-Norman, Victor Nikolaevskiy, Dr. Iskander Diyashev, Dr. David Wood, and Mr. Tony Martin for reviewing this book. 

Special thanks go to Lindsay Fraser and Phil Lewis for providing valuable information and critiques. 

Finally the authors would like to recognize the assistance of George Song, Seth Myers, Matteo Marongiu-Porcu, and Wenbo Liu.

— Dr. Xiuli Wang and Prof. Michael J. Economides

Houston, August 2009

Natural Gas Production Engineering - Ikoku

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PREFACE

THIS BOOK PRESENT A COMPREHENSIVE AND Rigorous treatment of the technology of producing and transporting natural gas. The design of a development plan for the natural gas field always depend on the reservoir and well characteristics, tubing and flowline performance, and compressor and processing equipment characteristics. This text emphasize a system approach to natural gas production since change in each component will affect the performance of the other components

Most of us who teach others have heard the adage that the best way to learn a subject in depth is to teach it. As a case in point, natural gas production engineering is a history of many years of successfully using the material for natural gas engineering courses at the University of Tulsa, the Pennsylvania state university, and adult education course in the united states and overseas. This book is arranged so that it can be used as a test or reference work for student and practicing engineers, geologists and managers in the crude oil and natural gas production industry

Chapters 1 to 3 serve as an introduction to the subject. Chapter 1 traces the development of the natural gas industry and tries to install in the reader an awareness of the increased role natural gas will play as source of energy. Chapter 2 reviews the properties of natural gases and condensate system that are of importance in solving gas well performance, gas production and gas transmission problems. Chapter 3 discusses some concepts of thermodynamics that are used throughout the book.

Chapter 4 through 8 focus on separating and processing, compression, measurement, and flow of gas in pipelines, tubings, and annuli. Multiphase flow in pipes is treated and procedures for the design and selection of surface equipment are clearly outlined. Methods for determining static and flowing bottom hole pressure from wellhead data are presented for both shallow wells and very deep wells producing sour gas. The problem of liquid loading in gas wells is also addressed

Much of the material on which this book is based was drawn from the publications of the society of petroleum engineerings of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, the American Gas Association, the Division of Production of the American Petroleum Institute, the Gas Processors Suppliers Association, the Petroleum Extension Service of the University of Texas at Austin, and the Gas Condition Conference of the university.

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Applied Surfactants - Tharwat F. Tadros

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